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fast hydrothermal liquefaction

Turning Humble Seaweed to Biofuel

A Norwegian research group has been able to achieve bio-oil yields of 79 percent from a common kelp, much higher than other attempts. The secret is to heat the kelp very quickly and bring it to the right temperature within seconds.

Nancy Bazilchuk, Norwegian University of Science and Technology
octubre 22, 2014

The sea has long been a source of Norway’s riches, whether from cod, farmed salmon or oil. Now one researcher hopes to add seaweed to this list as he refines a way to produce “biocrude” from common kelp.

“What we are trying to do is to mimic natural processes to produce oil,” said Khanh-Quang Tran, an associate professor in Norwegian University of Science and Technology's (NTNU) Department of Energy and Process Engineering. “However, while petroleum oil is produced naturally on a geologic time scale, we can do it in minutes.”

Tran conducted preliminary studies using sugar kelp (Laminaria saccharina), which grows naturally along the Norwegian coast. His results have just been published in the academic journal Algal Research.


The Breakthrough

Using small quartz tube “reactors” — which look like tiny sealed straws — Tran heated the reactor containing a slurry made from the kelp biomass and water to 350 degrees C at a very high rate of 585 degrees C per minute.

The technique, called fast hydrothermal liquefaction, gave him a bio-oil yield of 79 percent. That means that 79 percent of the kelp biomass in the reactors was converted to bio-oil. A similar study in the U.K. using the same species of kelp yielded just 19 percent. The secret, Tran said, is the rapid heating.

Falling Short on Biofuel Production

Biofuel has long been seen as a promising way to help shift humankind towards a more sustainable and climate friendly lifestyle. The logic is simple: petroleum-like fuels made from crops or substances take up CO2 as they grow and release that same CO2 when they are burned, so they are essentially carbon-neutral.

In its report “Tracking Clean Energy Progress 2014,” the International Energy Agency (IEA) says that biofuel production worldwide was 113 billion litres in 2013, and could reach 140 billion litres by 2018.

That may sound like a lot — but the IEA says biofuel production will need to grow 22-fold by 2025 to produce the amount of biofuel the world will need to keep global temperatures from rising more than 2oC.

The problem is the biomass feedstock. It’s relatively easy to turn corn or sugar beets into ethanol that we can pump right into our petrol tanks. But using food biomass for fuel is more and more problematic as the world’s population climbs towards 8 billion and beyond.

To get around this problem, biofuel is now produced from non-food biomass including agricultural residues, land-based energy crops such as fast-growing trees and grasses, and aquatic crops such as seaweed and microalgae.

All of these feedstocks have their challenges, especially those that are land based. At least part of the issue is the fact that crops for biofuel could potentially displace crops for food.

However, seaweed offers all of the advantages of a biofuel feedstock with the additional benefit of growing, not surprisingly, in the sea.

Scaling Up

But turning big pieces of slippery, salty kelp into biocrude is a challenge, too. Some studies have used catalysts, which are added chemicals that can help make the process go more quickly or easily. However, catalysts are normally expensive and require catalyst recovery.

The UK study that resulted in a 19 percent yield used a catalyst in its process.

Tran says the advantage of his process is that it is relatively simple and does not need a catalyst. The high heating rate also results in a biocrude that has molecular properties that will make it easier to refine.

But Tran’s experiments were what are called screening tests. He worked with batch reactors that were small and not suitable for an industrial scale. “When you want to scale up the process you have to work with a flow reactor,” or a reactor with a continuous flow of reactants and products, he said. “I already have a very good idea for such a reactor.”

The Outlook

Even though the preliminary tests gave a yield of 79 percent, Tran believes he can improve the results even more. He’s now looking for industrial partners and additional funding to continue his research.

"East Indiaman" business and technolgy drive new frontiers... has always been so in history. Before we go to space colonization ocean colonization is the next big thing to come. Get a foothold in ocean colonization create the next East India Company make a fortune on a new developing frontier ... http://concretesubmarine.activeboard.com/t49529137/oceanic-frontier-develpment-investment-foothold-in-ocean-col/

This is "the size of the industry to develop" roughly 90.000.000 tons of kelp to grow per day.... you can call this a really "massive industry" that kind of massive things can only be developed on the ocean - not on land.

To wrap your mind around that number this is 18.000 shiploads of kelp to grow and process per day!!!

It is conceivable that a installation the size of a oil platform can process 20 shiploads of kelp a day - processing one shipload per hour. So we need some 1000 of that installations distributed along the mid ocean ridges all built before we have a global sistem breakdown due to climate change. We better start building that soon...billionairs will be created on that industry frontier.

...survival interest should outrank “short term price speculation” it is part of our growing out of the childhood pants process ( concretesubmarine.activeboard.com/t58993851/humanity-growing-out-of-its-childhood-pants/ ) that we need to stop fighting, create groups of WE against THEM replace war and conflict scenarios by smart and cultivated cooperation on a global scale, start to take better decision on base of what is wise, instead of what is short term profitable. Seasteading has a central role in implementing a better future by escaping short sighted and hindering politics in all its forms… i assume that a “parasitary business culture based on short term speculation” needs to be replaced by a better business culture too – the way to get there is finetuned social negociation of frame conditions, combined with better education – better technology will get us there. (concretesubmarine.activeboard.com/t57838040/blockchain-technology/ ) If we can not make it at time things will trend to collaps ( concretesubmarine.activeboard.com/t58921987/sustainability-population-growth-consumption-growth-ocean-co/ ) and the oceanic survival ark (concretesubmarine.activeboard.com/t58935854/subdue-to-nobody/ ) will be the only left solution…

Get a foothold in ocean colonization:

http://concretesubmarine.activeboard.com/t49529137/oceanic-frontier-develpment-investment-foothold-in-ocean-col/

The Captain Nemo Lifestyle:

http://concretesubmarine.activeboard.com/t43942461/the-captain-nemo-float-out-seasteading/

Why oceanic business is the next big thing to come:

http://concretesubmarine.activeboard.com/t56680633/the-reasons-why-oceanic-business-is-the-next-big-thing-to-co/

Ocean sphere fish farming:

http://concretesubmarine.activeboard.com/t55433095/ocean-sphere-the-next-wave-of-sustainable-fish-farming/

Ocean colonization gallery:

http://imulead.com/tolimared/concretesubmarine/picturegallery/concept/

Big things have small beginnings ocean colonization transition, potential:

http://concretesubmarine.activeboard.com/t58002383/big-things-have-small-beginnings-transition-capability-key-f/

Sustainability on Planet Earth only the oceans can safe us:

http://concretesubmarine.activeboard.com/t58921987/sustainability-population-growth-consumption-growth-ocean-co/

Free spirited oceanic lifestyle global mobility:

http://concretesubmarine.activeboard.com/t58935854/subdue-to-nobody/

Ecofuel is now also being used in the rocket manufacturing process which is made thanks to plastic recycling. But that doesn't decrease the fuel quality. Ecosene technology allows producing high-quality eco-aviation rocket fuel.